The short version of albumin conjugate fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-09-13 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
The peptide backbone includes a D-alanine at position two, which resists cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and several other substitutions that reduce degradation. Its molecular weight is roughly 3.4 kDa without the linker and about 3.6 kDa with it. The molecule is water soluble and is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder. Precise sequence and mass values depend on which variant is described, so technical documents usually state the exact form being referenced.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
Two related forms circulate in technical discussion under the same family name. The original version carries a drug affinity complex (DAC) that binds covalently to serum albumin after administration, and this linkage substantially extends circulation time. A second form, frequently written as modified GRF(1-29) or CJC-1295 without DAC, lacks that linker and clears much faster. The naming is a frequent source of confusion because the shorthand CJC-1295 can refer to either form depending on the source. Reports sometimes fail to specify which variant was studied.
Downstream of growth hormone, the liver and other tissues increase production of insulin-like growth factor 1, a mediator of many growth-promoting effects. Studies have documented elevated levels of both hormones after dosing, and the rise from the long-acting form persists longer than that produced by shorter-acting analogues. What remains unclear is whether sustained elevation of these markers translates into meaningful clinical benefit, and whether prolonged exposure carries risks that short trials could not detect.
CJC-1295 acts at the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor found on somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary. Binding triggers a rise in cyclic AMP and calcium entry, which promotes release of stored growth hormone. Because the peptide mimics the body's own releasing hormone, it amplifies existing secretory pulses rather than driving continuous output. The size of the response therefore depends partly on the subject's own hormonal rhythm and feedback state.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight (no linker) | ~3.37 kDa | Calculated from peptide sequence |
| Molecular weight (with linker) | ~3.65 kDa | Includes albumin-binding moiety |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typically lyophilized |
| Solubility | Soluble in water | Also dissolves in aqueous buffers |
| Common synonyms | Modified GRF(1-29), DAC:GRF | Usage varies by source |
The albumin-binding version stays in circulation for days, because covalent attachment to serum albumin shields the peptide from rapid filtration and degradation. Reported half-lives for this form fall in the range of several days. The version without the linker is cleared in minutes, with estimates often near thirty minutes in animal work. These figures come from small studies and vary with assay method, species, and route, so they are best read as approximate rather than fixed constants.
Studies in this area generally track growth hormone pulses, insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations, and occasionally body composition endpoints. Most published human data come from early, small trials, and questions about long-term effects remain open. Whether repeated exposure alters pituitary responsiveness over time is not settled. Analytical work relies on immunoassays for the hormones and on mass spectrometry for the peptide itself, because the two measurements answer different questions.
Binding of the peptide to the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on pituitary somatotrophs triggers a G protein coupled cascade that raises cyclic AMP and opens calcium channels. The result is greater secretion of growth hormone into the bloodstream. Because the peptide acts at the same receptor as the natural hypothalamic hormone, its effect is amplified pulse size rather than an entirely separate release pathway. Receptor binding alone does not determine the response, since somatostatin tone and other inputs modulate the final output.
Binding to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotroph cells triggers cyclic AMP signaling and stimulates growth hormone synthesis and release. Because the peptide acts upstream of the pituitary, effects are mediated through endogenous growth hormone rather than direct receptor activation in peripheral tissues. Increases in insulin-like growth factor 1 are generally described as a downstream consequence. Most published human exposure data come from small early-stage studies, and the clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic profile remains incompletely characterized.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone, built on the 29-amino-acid GHRH(1-29) fragment. Four substitutions distinguish it from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes reduce enzymatic cleavage and extend the peptide's persistence in circulation. The compound is discussed in two forms, one carrying a drug affinity complex and one without it.
=== Other endocrine conditions === Endocrine diseases that may lead to ketoacidosis include severe forms of hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis and adrenal failure. In all cases, the hormone-sensitive lipase in cells is phosphorylated and over-active, resulting in unrestrained lipolysis. Ketonemia and even ketoacidosis may arise from endocrine (non-diabetic) conditions alone, but the combination of endocrine and diabetic ketoacidosis leads to an especially unfavourable prognosis.
== External links == Dhanvantari S. "Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Glucagon Synthesis and Secretion". lawsonimaging.ca. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. "PC1 Cleavage Sites". phoenixpeptide.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2005. "GLP-1 is Derived From Proglucagon". medscape.com. "Pro-glucagon". PDBe-KB Aggregated Views of Proteins. Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire: EMBL-EBI.
. In multi-compartment pharmacokinetics, two operational half-lives are often distinguished: an early distribution (α) half-life governed by redistribution from the central to peripheral compartments, and a later elimination (β) half-life governed by metabolic clearance and excretion. This is used to measure the removal of things such as metabolites, drugs, and signalling molecules from the body. Typically, the biological half-life refers to the body's natural cleansing, the detoxification through liver metabolism and through the excretion of the measured substance through the kidneys and intestines. This concept is used when the rate of removal is roughly exponential. In a medical context, half-life explicitly describes the time it takes for the blood plasma concentration of a substance to halve (plasma half-life) its steady-state when circulating in the full blood of an organism. This measurement is useful in medicine, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics because it helps determine how much of a drug needs to be taken and how frequently it needs to be taken if a certain average amount is needed constantly. By contrast, the stability of a substance in plasma is described as plasma stability. This is essential to ensure accurate analysis of drugs in plasma and for drug discovery. The relationship between the biological and plasma half-lives of a substance can be complex depending on the substance in question, due to factors including accumulation in tissues, protein binding, active metabolites, and receptor interactions.
=== Expressed protein ligation === By exploiting naturally occurring inteins it is possible to prepare a recombinant polypeptide C-terminal thioester. This enables the use of large recombinant protein-derived thioesters in native chemical ligation. The recombinant thioester can be ligated to a synthetic peptide bearing an N-terminal cysteine. Native chemical ligation of this kind using recombinant C-terminal thioesters is known as expressed protein ligation. Recombinant expression can also be used to give a Cys-polypeptide for use in native chemical ligation.
Poppy straw (also known as opium straw, mowed opium straw, crushed poppy capsule, poppy chaff, or poppy husk) is derived from opium poppies (Papaver somniferum) that are harvested when fully mature and dried by mechanical means. Opium poppy straw is what remains after the seed pods have been harvested — that is, the dried stalks, stem and leaves of poppies grown for their seeds. The field-dried leaves, stalk, and seed pod are then used in commercial manufacture of morphine or other poppy-alkaloid derived drugs, by first processing the material, separating the seeds, and then making concentrate of poppy straw where no extraction using the traditional methods of latex extraction has been made. The straw was originally considered an agricultural by-product of the mechanised poppy seed harvest, which was primarily grown for its edible and oil-producing seed. This changed in 1927 when János Kabay developed a chemical process to extract morphine from the crushed capsule. Concentrated poppy straw, consisting mainly of the crushed capsule without the seeds, soon became a valuable source of morphine. Today, concentrate of poppy straw is a major source of many opiates and other alkaloids. It is the source of 90% of the world supply of legal morphine (for medical and scientific use) and in some countries it also is a source of illegal morphine, which could be processed into illegal heroin. The 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs defines poppy straw as "all parts (except the seeds) of the opium poppy, after mowing".
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Hospitalized patients ==== Remdesivir was approved for medical use in the United States in October 2020. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved remdesivir based on the agency's analysis of data from three randomized, controlled clinical trials that included participants hospitalized with mild-to-severe COVID‑19. The FDA granted approval and reissued the revised EUA to Gilead Sciences Inc. The FDA approved remdesivir based primarily on evidence from three clinical trials (NCT04280705, NCT04292899, and NCT04292730) of 2043 hospitalized participants with COVID‑19. The trials were conducted at 226 sites in 17 countries including the United States. In November 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated its guideline on therapeutics for COVID‑19 to include a conditional recommendation against the use of remdesivir, triggered by results from the WHO Solidarity trial. Meanwhile, the Public Health Agency of Canada's COVID‑19 Clinical Pharmacology Task Group recommended that remdesivir only be administered to hospitalized patients as part of a randomized controlled trial due to limited information on risks and benefits. In January 2022, the Canadian component of the WHO Solidarity Trial reported that in-hospital people with COVID‑19 treated with remdesivir had 17% lower relative risk of death (18.7% versus 22.6% death rates) and 47% reduced relative risk for needing oxygen and mechanical ventilation (8.0% versus 15.0%) compared to people receiving standard-of-care treatments.
== Mechanism of action == Thiamazole inhibits the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which normally acts in thyroid hormone synthesis by oxidizing the anion iodide (I−) to iodine (I2), hypoiodous acid (HOI), and enzyme linked hypoiodate (EOI), facilitating iodine's addition to tyrosine residues on the hormone precursor thyroglobulin, a necessary step in the synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It does not inhibit the action of the sodium-dependent iodide transporter located on follicular cells' basolateral membranes. Inhibition of this step requires competitive inhibitors such as perchlorate and thiocyanate. A study has shown that it modulates secretion of CXCL10.
The strictest definition of "plant" includes only the "land plants" or embryophytes, which include seed plants (gymnosperms, including the pines, and flowering plants) and the free-sporing cryptogams including ferns, clubmosses, liverworts, hornworts and mosses. Embryophytes are multicellular eukaryotes descended from an ancestor that obtained its energy from sunlight by photosynthesis. They have life cycles with alternating haploid and diploid phases. The sexual haploid phase of embryophytes, known as the gametophyte, nurtures the developing diploid embryo sporophyte within its tissues for at least part of its life, even in the seed plants, where the gametophyte itself is nurtured by its parent sporophyte. Other groups of organisms that were previously studied by botanists include bacteria (now studied in bacteriology), fungi (mycology) – including lichen-forming fungi (lichenology), non-chlorophyte algae (phycology), and viruses (virology). However, attention is still given to these groups by botanists, and fungi (including lichens) and photosynthetic protists are usually covered in introductory botany courses. Palaeobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolutionary history of plants. Cyanobacteria, the first oxygen-releasing photosynthetic organisms on Earth, are thought to have given rise to the ancestor of plants by entering into an endosymbiotic relationship with an early eukaryote, ultimately becoming the chloroplasts in plant cells.
Mentha × piperita 'Candymint' has reddish stems. Mentha × piperita 'Chocolate Mint'. Its flowers open from the bottom up; its flavour is reminiscent of the flavour in Andes Chocolate Mints, a popular confection. Mentha × piperita 'Citrata' includes a number of varieties including Eau de Cologne mint, grapefruit mint, lemon mint, and orange mint. Its leaves are aromatic and hairless. Mentha × piperita 'Crispa' has wrinkled leaves. Mentha × piperita 'Lavender Mint' Mentha × piperita 'Lime Mint' has lime-scented foliage. Mentha × piperita 'Variegata' has mottled green and pale yellow leaves. Commercial cultivars may include:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Since children commonly strongly dislike the taste of castor oil, some parents punished children with a dose of it. Physicians recommended against the practice because it may associate medicines with punishment and make children afraid of the doctor.
ISBN 978-0-87220-923-7. Powell, Anton (1990). Euripides, Women and Sexuality. Routledge Press. ISBN 0-415-01025-X. Pucci, Pietro. "Survival in the Holy Garden." The Violence of Pity In Euripides’ “Medea,” vol. 41, Cornell University Press, 1980, pp. 91–130. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.cttq44w0.6. Accessed 27 Mar. 2023. Rabinowitz, Nancy S. (1993). Anxiety Veiled: Euripides and the Traffic in Women. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8091-4. Saïd, Suzanne (2002). "Greeks and Barbarians in Euripides' Tragedies: The End of Differences?". In Harrison, Thomas (ed.). Greeks and Barbarians. Translated by Antonia Nevill. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-93959-3. Sommerstein, Alan (2002). Greek Drama and Dramatists. Routledge Press. ISBN 0-203-42498-0. ISBN 978-0-203-42498-8 Tessitore, Aristide. "Euripides’ ‘Medea’ and the Problem of Spiritedness." The Review of Politics, vol. 53, no. 4, 1991, pp. 587–601. JSTOR, JSTOR 1407307. Accessed 27 Apr. 2023. Tigani, Francesco (2010), Rappresentare Medea. Dal mito al nichilismo, Aracne. ISBN 978-88-548-3256-5 Mossman, Judith (2011). Medea: Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. ISBN 978-0-856-68788-4.
== Radionuclides == When radionuclides are used pharmacologically, for example in radiation therapy, they are eliminated through a combination of radioactive decay and biological excretion. An effective half-life of the drug will involve a decay constant that represents the sum of the biological and physical decay constants, as in the formula:
An analytical profile index is a fast identification system based on biochemical incubation tests. Usually, this test is used to quickly diagnose clinically relevant bacteria by allowing physicians to run about 20 tests at one time.
The Salmonella Mutagenesis test (Ames test) uses multiple strains of Salmonella typhimurium that are auxotrophic to histidine to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations by observing its auxotrophic property in response to an added chemical compound. The mutation a chemical substance or compound causes is measured by applying it to the bacteria on a plate containing histidine then moving the bacteria to a new plate without sufficient histidine for continual growth. If the substance does not mutate the genome of the bacteria from auxotrophic to histidine back to prototrophic to histidine, then the bacteria would not show growth on the new plate. So by comparing the ratio of the bacteria on the new plate to the old plate and the same ratio for the control group, it is possible to quantify how mutagenic a substance is, or rather, how likely it is to cause mutations in DNA. A chemical is considered positive for Ames test if it causes mutations increasing the observed reversion rate and negative if presents similar to the control group. There is a normal, but small, number of revertant colonies expected when an auxotrophic bacteria is plated on a media without the metabolite it needs because it could mutate back to prototrophy. The chances of this are low and therefore cause very small colonies to be formed. If a mutagenic substance is added, however, the number of revertants would be visibly higher than without the mutagenic substance.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. It is a synthetic analogue modeled on the first 29 residues of human GHRH. The substitutions and any linker are laboratory modifications rather than features of the endogenous peptide.
Early development used the albumin-binding form, and a shorter variant was later discussed under the same label. Because the two differ in half-life and handling, ambiguity arises whenever a source omits the variant designation.
The compound derives from that fragment but is not identical to it. The parent fragment lacks the stabilizing substitutions, so its degradation rate and duration of action differ noticeably.
It binds the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on pituitary somatotroph cells. Receptor activation raises cyclic AMP and promotes release of stored growth hormone granules. Because the peptide persists longer than natural releasing hormone, stimulation is prolonged rather than brief.