If you have been reading about CJC-1295 and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2026-07-16. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
Two related forms circulate in technical discussion under the same family name. The original version carries a drug affinity complex (DAC) that binds covalently to serum albumin after administration, and this linkage substantially extends circulation time. A second form, frequently written as modified GRF(1-29) or CJC-1295 without DAC, lacks that linker and clears much faster. The naming is a frequent source of confusion because the shorthand CJC-1295 can refer to either form depending on the source. Reports sometimes fail to specify which variant was studied.
The peptide backbone includes a D-alanine at position two, which resists cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and several other substitutions that reduce degradation. Its molecular weight is roughly 3.4 kDa without the linker and about 3.6 kDa with it. The molecule is water soluble and is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder. Precise sequence and mass values depend on which variant is described, so technical documents usually state the exact form being referenced.
Lyophilized material is typically stored at minus twenty degrees Celsius or lower. Keeping the vial dry and protected from light preserves peptide integrity. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can cause aggregation or loss of activity. Once dissolved, solutions are generally kept at two to eight degrees Celsius. Stability data for reconstituted solutions vary, and long-term behavior is not fully established. Working aliquots reduce the number of times a stock container is opened.
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is the standard tool for purity assessment. The technique separates the target peptide from truncated or modified byproducts. Mass spectrometry confirms molecular weight and supports sequence verification. Electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption are both used. Amino acid analysis provides an independent check on composition. Purity values are commonly reported as area percentage from the chromatogram. Residual trifluoroacetate and water content are also measured in many quality programs.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight (no linker) | ~3.37 kDa | Calculated from peptide sequence |
| Molecular weight (with linker) | ~3.65 kDa | Includes albumin-binding moiety |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typically lyophilized |
| Solubility | Soluble in water | Also dissolves in aqueous buffers |
| Common synonyms | Modified GRF(1-29), DAC:GRF | Usage varies by source |
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide belonging to the growth hormone-releasing hormone analog family. It comprises twenty-nine amino acid residues derived from the N-terminal region of natural GHRH. The molecule incorporates several non-natural substitutions that increase resistance to enzymatic degradation. These modifications extend its activity compared with the native hormone fragment. Researchers use it to study pituitary growth hormone secretion in laboratory and clinical settings. This compound is distinct from native GHRH in its stability profile.
Two principal forms appear in the literature and in research supply. One carries a drug affinity complex, a maleimide-based group that forms a covalent bond with circulating albumin. This linkage slows clearance and produces a long-lasting elevation of peptide levels. The other form lacks that group and is often labeled MOD GRF(1-29). It has a much shorter circulation time. Both variants retain the same core receptor-binding sequence. Reported half-lives differ substantially between the two.
Identity and purity are established with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The chromatographic step separates the target peptide from truncated sequences and deletion products, while the mass measurement confirms the expected molecular weight to within a fraction of a dalton. Because the two common variants differ by the presence of the linker, mass alone can distinguish them in the unconjugated state. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping are used when sequence level confirmation is required.
Lyophilized material is generally stable for extended periods when held at minus twenty degrees Celsius or below and protected from moisture and light. In solution the peptide is more labile; bond hydrolysis, aggregation and oxidation of susceptible residues all proceed faster at ambient temperature. Repeated freeze and thaw cycles should be avoided because they promote clumping and loss of soluble material. The conjugated variant adds a further consideration, since the maleimide group can hydrolyze in aqueous buffer and lose its ability to react with albumin.
Two related forms appear under the CJC-1295 name. The simpler analogue, commonly written as modified GRF(1-29), carries the four substitutions but no additional conjugation. The second form attaches a maleimidopropionic acid linker to a lysine residue, a modification frequently called the drug affinity complex. That linker reacts with the free thiol on serum albumin to form a covalent bond. Because albumin has a long residence time in blood, the conjugated peptide stays in circulation far longer than the unconjugated analogue.
Receptor level activity follows the canonical GHRH pathway. The peptide binds the GHRH receptor, a class B G protein coupled receptor on somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. Binding raises intracellular cyclic AMP, which promotes calcium entry and the release of growth hormone into the bloodstream. Because the molecule acts at the same receptor as the endogenous hormone, its effect is superimposed on the natural pulsatile rhythm rather than replacing it. Whether sustained receptor occupation leads to desensitization is not fully settled.
Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (often referred to as ZDDP) are a family of coordination compounds classified as members of transition metal dithiophosphate complexes. These compounds were introduced in the 1940s as oil additives. They are uncharged compounds, not salts. They are soluble in nonpolar solvents, and the longer-chain derivatives easily dissolve in mineral and synthetic oils used as lubricants. They come under CAS number 68649-42-3 . In aftermarket oil additives, the percentage of ZDDP ranges approximately between 2 and 15%. Zinc dithiophosphates have many names, including ZDDP, ZnDTP, and ZDP.
== Educational research == Industrialist John D. Rockefeller was instrumental in establishing the General Education Board (GEB), of which he maintained expenditure control. The GEB adopted his beliefs, promoting vocational education across a 5-decade span. The Rockefeller Foundation, like the Carnegie Corporation, supported early educational broadcasting and the participation of commercial radio, vis-à-vis education-only stations. It explored radio's educational effectivity in both classroom and adult settings and explored methods to share those results. Via GEB dispersals the Rockefeller Foundation provided financial support for Wisconsin's and Ohio's early School of the Air experiments, among other educational project recipients. The Foundation's interest in broadcasting as a tool subsequently led to communication research, e.g. how radio "could be used for public edification, control, and pacification", promoting university-level social science studies. The social engineering success of these early social scientists led to social sciences becoming institutionalized with Rockefeller Foundation's influence leading the transformation.
=== Acceptance === Individuals with dwarfism often face prejudice and stereotypes. Research by Klein (2019) has demonstrated that awareness of the stigmatization of this group can promote full participation in society. The research by Green and Pinter (2018) in the field of humor and social psychology can provide insights to reduce stereotypes and promote a more objective perception.
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The new 5th district encompasses the southeastern parts of the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, including Mesquite, Terrell, Palestine, Athens, Canton, Kaufman, the southern halves of Garland and Rowlett, and the Lakewood and Lake Highlands portions of Dallas. The incumbent is Republican Lance Gooden, who was re-elected with 64.1% of the vote in 2024. Donald Trump and Ted Cruz each respectively won 60.1% and 56.9% of the vote in this district in 2024.
=== Location === Tarlov cysts are most commonly located in the S1 to S4/S5 region of the spinal canal, but can be found along any region of the spine. Tarlov cysts typically form on the extradural portions of the sacral nerve roots, most often near the dorsal root ganglion of the dorsal (sensory) nerve roots. They arise within the perineural space, between the endoneurium and perineurium. Occasionally, these cysts are observed in the lumbar and thoracic spine. The cysts are often multiple, extending around the circumference of the nerve, and can enlarge over time to compress neighboring nerve roots, to cause bone erosion. The cysts may also form on the anterior (front) side of the sacrum and have been known to extend into the pelvic cavity. These cysts, though rare, can be found to grow large - over 3–4 centimetres (1.2–1.6 in) in size, often causing severe pelvic pain from compression on the cyst itself as well as adjoining nerves.
== History == The first recorded case of the offence was Sir Charles Sedley’s Case or namely Sedley's Case (1663) 1 Keb. 620, 83 ER 1146; (1663) 1 Sid. 168, 82 ER 1036. Sir Charles Sedley was prosecuted for urinating on a crowd from the balcony of Oxford Kate's tavern in Covent Garden. Samuel Pepys' diary recorded Sedley's acts in detail:
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In memory of this event, every November 5 is observed as a special non-working holiday in the province through Republic Act No. 6709, signed by President Corazon Aquino on February 10, 1989. On November 27, 1898, the Cantonal Republic of Negros unilaterally proclaimed independence, but this was short-lived as the territory became a protectorate of the United States on April 30, 1899. The state was renamed the Republic of Negros (Spanish: República de Negros) on July 22, 1899, and eventually dissolved by the United States and annexed by the U.S. Military Government of the Philippine Islands on April 30, 1901. The leaders of the short-lived republic were:
It does not form a hydrate, unlike sodium sulfate. The salt crystallizes as double six-sided pyramids, classified as rhombic. They are transparent, very hard and have a bitter, salty taste. The salt is soluble in water, but insoluble in solutions of potassium hydroxide (sp. gr. 1.35), or in absolute ethanol.
The ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA molecules that span the space between the two ribosomal subunits: the A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl), and E (exit) sites. In addition, the ribosome has two other sites for tRNA binding that are used during mRNA decoding or during the initiation of protein synthesis. These are the T site (named elongation factor Tu) and I site (initiation). By convention, the tRNA binding sites are denoted with the site on the small ribosomal subunit listed first and the site on the large ribosomal subunit listed second. For example, the A site is often written A/A, the P site, P/P, and the E site, E/E. The binding proteins like L27, L2, L14, L15, L16 at the A- and P- sites have been determined by affinity labeling by A. P. Czernilofsky et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA, pp. 230–234, 1974). Once translation initiation is complete, the first aminoacyl tRNA is located in the P/P site, ready for the elongation cycle described below. During translation elongation, tRNA first binds to the ribosome as part of a complex with elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) or its eukaryotic (eEF-1) or archaeal counterpart. This initial tRNA binding site is called the A/T site. In the A/T site, the A-site half resides in the small ribosomal subunit where the mRNA decoding site is located. The mRNA decoding site is where the mRNA codon is read out during translation. The T-site half resides mainly on the large ribosomal subunit where EF-Tu or eEF-1 interacts with the ribosome.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. It is a synthetic analogue modeled on the first 29 residues of human GHRH. The substitutions and any linker are laboratory modifications rather than features of the endogenous peptide.
Early development used the albumin-binding form, and a shorter variant was later discussed under the same label. Because the two differ in half-life and handling, ambiguity arises whenever a source omits the variant designation.
The compound derives from that fragment but is not identical to it. The parent fragment lacks the stabilizing substitutions, so its degradation rate and duration of action differ noticeably.
The powder is normally held at minus twenty degrees Celsius or below. Light and moisture exposure should be minimized. Repeated warming and cooling cycles are avoided.